The+Muslim+Empires

21.1 Ottoman ESPIRIT Civilization: Ottoman Empire Time Period: 1450-1750 - Government regulates merchant and artisan activity (they also joined guilds) - In decline, inflation and tax regulation became problems || - Warrior class dominated - Army of Janissaries (trained as soldiers and could become bureaucrats; essentially slaves --> coercive labor system)--> eventually threatened cavalry and aristocracy - Sultans = supreme rulers (manipulated aristocracy, religious institutions, and administrators)--> eventually lost touch and replaced with Viziers - Coffee houses become places of congregation || - Provided impetus for European exploration and army/defense building b/c scared of Muslim attack - Government competed with religious leaders and administrators - System of inheritance of power confusing --> many battles - Underwent long period of decline (corruption within government) - By 17th century, retreat from Russian, European, and Arab land - Grant territories regional autonomy (military began to fade as well) - Sea power wiped out (Battle of Lepanto; lost to Spainish and Venetians) || - Ottoman empire seen as a threat to wider Christian world ||  ||   || - Architecture influenced by the rest of Muslim world - Language shifts to Turkish ||  ||   || - Sultans try to improve mosques and infrastructure ||  ||   || 21.2 Mughal ESPIRIT Civilization: Mughal Empire Time Period: 1450-1750 - Improved status of women (encouraged remarriage, discouraged child marriages, prohibited sati, relief for purdah women) --> women gained more prominent position in politics but in other areas declined || - After Babur, Humayan inherits kingdom - Akbar (gained power @ 13, illiterate) - fought rivals + military conquest - abolished jizja tax - Regional leaders granted autonomy - Military dwarfed European armies (but soldiers not trained) || - Made Muslims respect cows - Tried to make new religion (Din-I-IIahi) || - Improved calendar, living quarters for the poor, regulated alcohol consumption - Dehli Agra, and Lahore became cultural centers - Jahangir and Shah Jahan patrons of the arts || - Weaving and dying (madras, muslin, pajamas) ||
 * E || - Economic activity based a lot of warfare
 * S || - Ethnic group = Turkish speaking people (some fleeing Mongols, others looking for riches)
 * P || - Ottoman empire geared towards warfare (powerful navy in Mediterranean)
 * I || - Ottomans (Mehmed II) attacked Byzantine empire and defeated Constantinople (one of the best defended cities in the world) --> spread towards Egypt and North Africa and threatened Vienna ||
 * R || - Hagia Sophia becomes mosque
 * I || - Constantinople restored as cultural center w/ Ottoman values (Hagia Sophia becomes a mosque)
 * T || - Aqueducts built in Constantinople
 * E || - Traded textiles w/ other nations; major international export ||
 * S || - Military = noble class, but needed to be prepared to fight
 * P || - Babur (Turkish descent; claimed he was a Mongol) lost kingdom in Central Asia (Afghanistan) but turned towards Northern India
 * I || - Took control of India with 12,000 troops better firepower, scared elephants and conversions ||
 * R || - Akbar wished to re conciliate with the Hindus (encouraged intermarriage)
 * I || - Babur = lax administrator but impressive muscian, landscaper (created gardens in the capital), wrote history
 * T || - Fine cloth 3 layers