Asian+Transitions+in+an+Age+of+Global+Change

The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans MI- The Asian sea trading network was a peaceful trade system between the Arabs, India, China and various islands in between the 3 key parts. - Arab zone - glass, carpets, and tapestries - India - cotton textiles - China - paper, porcelain and silk textiles - Japan, mainland kingdoms/islands in south east Asia and east Africa provided raw materials - broadest demand and highest price paid for spices - navigation -> sailed near shoreline - Arabs and Chinese had compasses and large ships but preferred set routes - two characteristics of the trading system crucial for Europeans to dominate it - no central control - military force absent from commercial exchanges - diff merchants found over the world looking to profit themselves or for people that fund them - peaceful trading b/c people always wanted goods the other person has
 * -** Asian sea trading network broken down into 3 main parts

Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut MI- The Portuguese attempted to control parts of the trading network - Portuguese not prepared to abide to informal rules of trade - through eyes of mercantilists, trading seemed bad b/c other kingdoms would benefit = more power - Portuguese decide to use force to obtain goods from other countries - Chinese junk fleets only thing able to stop Portuguese - force not as effective so they attempt to control the towns in those areas - Captured **Ormuz** on southern end of Persian Gulf and **Goa** on western Indian coast - da Gama force ports in Africa & India to submit -> combined Egyptian and Indian fleets together - aim of empire was to est. Portuguese monopoly control over Asian products - combination of licensing system & monopoly = control of a portion of Asian trading network

Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empire MI- - Portuguese did not have enough ships to control their monopoly or licensing system so rivals able to trade - resistance of Asian rivals, poor military discipline, corruption in the crown officials and shipping losses = heavy toll on empire - Portuguese no match for the Dutch or the English, the Dutch became victorious - Dutch captured key Portuguese ports and built their own at **Batavia** on Java island - focused on certain spices rather than the whole trade - Dutch trading empire made up of - fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control - removed or wiped out island people who grew spices not under the Dutch - Dutch found that greatest profit was peacefully be worked into the trading system - relied on fees from transporting goods and resold items for higher prices

Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia MI- - ships and guns allowed Europeans to force way into trading system but as they moved inland more, their force was weakened - Dutch moved inland to discover perfect area to grow coffee - Spanish invaded Philippine Islands and conquered **Luzon** - Spanish's fails on conquering **Mindanao** showed that European did not have power - controlled settlements making them pay tributes in a form of agricultural products

Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia MI- - Roman Catholicism fundamental part of global mission of Spanish and Portuguese - major clashes between Islam and Christianity believing peoples - dream of Christian Asia joining Iberian crusade against Muslims - India was a promising field for conversion to many religions - Franciscan and Dominican missionaries as well as Jesuit Francis Xavier helped the low-caste peoples - high-caste peoples refused to be on same level as lower caster - beyond socially stigmatized groups such as the untouchables, conversion of pop. occurred in isolated areas
 * -** Robert di Nobili developed conversion strategy by trying to convert the high-caste down

Summary - When Europeans finally arrived in the Indian Ocean, they discovered a millenia old trading network controlled by Hindus and Muslims. Despite their initial attempts to become actively involved with trade

European Influence on China and Japan
 * **China** || ** Japan ** ||

The Early Modern Period Summary Economic factors are the most important precursors to stimulating social change. People, as a whole, are driven by a nature of greed, and the allure of wealth is what often results in technological innovation, cultural exchange, and new social interaction / relationships through economic ties. For instance, European merchants were able to change the organization of the world economy (thereby influencing cultures around the world) because they were compelled to make daring voyages. These voyages and expeidtions, in turn, were financed in hopes of returning a profit. The "professed motives" of many Western explorers was often intertwined with religion and social morality. They often claimed that they were "civilizing" a group of barbarious people through conversion to Christianity. However, the real motives were almost always economic; Europeans engaged in these ventures in hopes of turning over a profit. The merchants were probably aware of this descrepancy, but other peoples, like religious missionaries probably believed what they were saying. After hundreds of years of political, economic, and social disorder during the Era of Warring States, the Chinese were able to create a highly sophisticated, highly successful, but isolated society. The first dynasty attempt to unite China under one rule was the Zhou, who lacked bureaucratic centralization and and ruled through kind of a 'feudal' system where power was created through relationships with local landlords. After the fall of the Zhou, China entered a period of social chaos until Shi Huangdi's Qin dynasty was able to gain and maintain power through the harsh principles of legalism. Although he proved to be a tyrant, he was successful in uniting China, beginning construction on the Great Wall; people benefited from becoming part of a larger Chinese community, despite living under a repressive regime. Following Huangdi's death, a peasant revolt lead to the rise of the Han dynasty, which ruled for over 400 years, and left an unmistakeable imprint on Chinese society and culture. China under the Han was governed by the principles of Confucianism, which encouraged restraint, moderation, respect, and obedience for people in positions of higher power. A distinct social structure emerged from these teachings, which consisted of 3 levels: bureaucrats and landlords**,** peasants, and mean people. Confucianism during the the Han dynasty also encouraged the creation of a well-oiled centralized government bureaucracy with administrators responsible for carrying out government functions like collecting taxes and standardizing coinage. This strong foundation lead to advances in astronomy, mathematics, and the medical field. But despite improved trade within China, it still had very little interaction with peoples outside of China, which would be a trend for the next several hundred years.