The+World+Economy

16.1 The World Economy: Notes __New Technology: A Key to Power__ Main Idea: Technological innovation helped to propel Europeans the forefront of the world economy. - Nagiational innovation (new shipbuilding, better compasses etc.) - Warfare invention (new guns, cannons on ships, etc) - Allowed Europeans to kill and intimidate at a distance (European metalwork + Chinese explosives). __Portugal and Spain Lead the Pack__ Main Idea: Spain and Portugal were the first European nations to lead exploration and control maritime trade. - Henry the Navigator and other Portuguese explorers ventured around the West Coast of Africa and around the Cape of Good Hope - Then the Spanish became involved, sending Christopher Columbus to the New World in an expedition in 1492, and Ferdinand Magellan around the world in 1519 (he thought it was India). - The Portuguese were able to claim coastal holdings in west Africa and Brazil; the Spanish gained holdings in Latin America, Florida, and the Phillipines. __Northern European Expeditions__ Main Idea: Gradually, northern European nations began to dominate trade where Spain and Portugal were once dominant. - Britian and France gained holdings in North America, while the Dutch seized the Cape of Good Hope. - The northern protestants were able to seize control of maritime trade by buidling lighter, faster ships than the Catholics in Spain and Portugal. - Britian destroyed Spanish armada. - Chartered companies like the Dutch East India Company and British East India Company acted as independent entities in the regions they claimed (they also recieved some funding from Western European states). __The Columbian Exchange of Disease and Food__ Main Idea: Biological exchange of disease and food lead to the availability of new crops to Europeans and the decimation of the indigenous American population. - Some estimates put the loss of life of indigenous Americans due to exposure to European diseases as high as 80 percent. - Crops like the potato and corn were brought back to Europe and Africa, and allowed for a population boom. - Husbandry was imported to North America (Europeans imported horses and cattle). __The West's Commercial Outreach__ Main Idea: The West continued to exert their economic dominance through oceanic shipping and distant ports. - A Spanish directed fleet defeated the navy of the Ottoman empire in 1571, at the battle of Lepanto, effectively ending Muslim hopes of dominating naval trade. - European-controlled ports were points of contact with overland traders and gave Europeans access goods they wouldn't otherwise be able to get. - Europeans also established Western enclaves in cities where they had special trading rights in places like Constantinople, St. Petersburg, and Nagasaki. __Imbalances in World Trade__ Main Idea: Dominant core nations that participated in this overseas trade began to adopt the policy of mercantilism. - England, France, and Holland were able to be successful in this new world economy because of their stable banking systems, and their newly-established manufacturing sectors. - The policy of mercantilism compelled European nations not to import good from outside its own empire. - European nations exported manufactured goods like they imported raw goods like sugar, spice, tobacco, and cotton. __A System of International Inequality__ Main Idea: The New World economy changed the social status of many people around the world. - Labor shortages in new European colonies lead Europeans to import slaves from Africa. - African and Latin American merchants and landlords were not fully able to control their own terms of trade (they bought European-made goods). - Other peoples like mestizos helped to alleviate labor shortages. __How Much World in the World Economy?__ Main Idea: The New World economy certainly incoporated new places into this system of international trade, but some parts remained isolated. - China, in particular, was involved in international trade, but resisted it when possible, and rejected the capitalistic values of the Europeans. - Japan also remained part of the world economy, though on a significantly lower scale than other places. - Russia and parts of Africa and remained more or less isolated. __The Expansionist Trend__ Main Idea: Over time, more and more countries became involved in international trade. - India and other European held territories served as markets for goods from Western Europe. - European colonies were placed at a disadvantage in world trade because of manipulation and subjugation by Western European nations. - Eastern European nations were drawn into trade because of demand for grains in Western Europe.



16.2 In Depth pg 254 - Causation and the West's Expansion Question: If you had to choose a single determination (cultural, technological, or economic) as basic to social change, which one would you pick? Why? In what ways might the professed motives of Western explorers and colonist have differed from their real motives? Would they necessarily have been aware of the discrepancy?

Economic factors are the most important precursors to stimulating social change. People, as a whole, are driven by a nature of greed, and the allure of wealth is what often results in technological innovation, cultural exchange, and new social interaction / relationships through economic ties. For instance, European merchants were able to change the organization of the world economy (thereby influencing cultures around the world) because they were compelled to make daring voyages. These voyages and expeidtions, in turn, were financed in hopes of returning a profit. The "professed motives" of many Western explorers was often intertwined with religion and social morality. They often claimed that they were "civilizing" a group of barbarious people through conversion to Christianity. However, the real motives were almost always economic; Europeans engaged in these ventures in hopes of turning over a profit. The merchants were probably aware of this descrepancy, but other peoples, like religious missionaries probably believed what they were saying.

16.3 Early Patterns of Colonization in the Americas and Asia __Spain and Portugal in the Americas:__ - Spanish led expeditions into Aztec and Mayan areas (Pizarro in Inca territory; Cortes in Mexico) - Created colonies in Panama, Cuba, and the Caribbean --> led to Spanish taking control of Latin America - No strict control or administration in the colonies; Spain + Portugal did not exert direct control over their colonies in the New World

__The British and French in North America:__

- French controlled St. Lawrence river + other parts of Canada and America --> New France --> 55,000 people - Sometimes, religious refugees + other capitalists & business venture-rs fled to New World - France + Britain fought for territorial control --> Seven Years War --> Treaty of Paris - Imported Western Idea --> political philosophy, art, African slaves

__African and Asian trading stations:__ - Portuguese led expeditions inland in southern African nation of Angola - Dutch created colony in South Africa --> Boers clashed with native population - Corporations like the British East India Company exerted political influence over places like India; acted like their own entities with heavy backing from the govt. - British won control of India from France during the Seven Years War

MI: Important navigators such as Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Vaco De Balboa would help lead to the explosion in exploration and the discovery of the new world. Henry the navigator, organized a series of expeditions along the African coast, in 1434 the Portuguese began to press down the African coast · Columbus discovery of American from Spain in 1492 · Vasco da Gama use ships’ guns to intimidate the Europeans, he also killed many Indians. · **Christopher Columbus**  wanted sail around the world, but he failed, he reached the Americans instead · **Ferdinand Magellan**  set sail westward in 1519 passing southern America, reached the Indonesian islands in 1521 · Spain and Portuguese leadership was followed by growing efforts from Britain, France and Holland · Spain colonized some west Indian islands, from Hispaniola to Cuba <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Vasco de balboa** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, found what is today panama <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spanish conquests on aztcs and incas <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">devastation of local tribes allowed the Spanish to later on colonize these lands ||
 * Class collaboration:**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Americas (Under Spanish and Portuguese) *Be sure to include details from the early part of the chapter
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Main Idea : The French and British colonial expeditions were eager for power, wealth and territories and spread of religious beliefs, however after the Seven Years War Britain gained the most influences and France was forces to give off its own lands.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Land grants to major proprietors stimulated t he recruitment more settlers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The French in Canada planned the establishment of manorial estates under the control of great lords controlled by the state. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">French peasants emigrated in small numbers but increased settlement through a high birth rate, the Catholic Church held a strong position. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">France in 1763 through the Treaty of Paris surrendered Canada and the Mississippi basin to the British. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">· <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Great Britain hopes to win tax revenues and markets for British trading and goods. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-British/French valued West Indian holdings whereas Dutch valued Asian colonies <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-British/Dutch looked to gain dominance over trade and focused on the Americas since they were unable to challenge the Spanish/Portuguese colonies || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Boers was Dutch word for farmers <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-European colonies in Asia entered a new phase <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-British East India Company had enormous influence over the British government <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-French rivals had less political clout at home compared to Britain <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-French and British rivalry raged bitterly thought the mid 18th century (Seven Year War) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-East India Company took over administration of the Bengal region <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-African princes + slaveholders could become wealthy (tended to import European goods instead of using slave labor) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Cape Colony plated by the Dutch on Cape of Good Hope was still the most important ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Main Idea: Western European nations vied for control over important trading ports in Africa and Asia. Three important European holdings included Portuguese-controlled Angola, Dutch-controlled South Africa, and British-controlled India (with the British East India company exerting political influence with government backing.)

16.4 Summary of Western European Colonization HW: Summarize the motivations and methods of colonization employed by Europeans in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Towards the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, Western European nations began to take center stage in a new, interconnected world economy. With the help of new seafaring technology (faster ships and better compasses), new warfare technology (deadly guns and cannons, built upon past innovations made by the Chinese and the Arabs), and driven by hopes of economic gain, Europeans began to colonize other dependent countries. Five nations in particular, Portugal, Spain, Britain, France and Holland, engaged in this practice, making countries in the Americas, Asia, and Africa sizable markets for their own manufactured goods, in addition to a source of raw goods. This system was based upon the economic policy of mercantilism, which dictated that countries should try to maintain a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports). Spain and Portugal, which controlled territories in Latin America, Brazil, Angola, and the Philippines, were the first two nations to begin this imperialist trend. However, their dependent territories were loosely governed, with trade being the only real connection to their mother countries. Britain, France, and Holland followed Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. Britain and France seized holdings in North America, while Holland controlled and established a territory in modern-day South Africa. Government oversight was, for the most part, more involved in these territories, although in certain instances the colonies were afforded some political independence. One notable example was colonial America, which split from British control after England tried to gain tax dollars by further regulating Atlantic trade. Usually, these Western European countries only vied for control of important trading ports like Nagaski in Japan. But one remarkable exception was Britian's relationship with India. The British East India company, an indepedent corporation, acted effectively as its own government in India, eventually gaining heavy backing from Britian itself.