Civilizations+in+Crisis+-+Ottomas,+Egypt,+and+China

**Ottoman Empire and Egypt**
As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs

- brought on by a succession of a weak rulers (inept sultans opened the way for govt. infighting/corruption etc. - provinicial officials + the ayan (land owning class) sought to take away power from the sultan European Intervention - social status of artisan workers began to decline because cheaper European manufactured imports - Habsburg dynasty began to push back the boundaries of the Ottoman empire; Ottomans eventually pushed out of the Balkans as well - Sultans = supreme rulers (manipulated aristocracy, religious institutions, and administrators)--> eventually lost touch and replaced with Viziers || Causes of Decline - Ethnic group = Turkish speaking people (some fleeing Mongols, others looking for riches) - Warrior class dominated Muhammad Ali - Coffee houses become places of congregation European Intervention - Army of Janissaries (trained as soldiers and could become bureaucrats; essentially slaves --> coercive labor system)--> eventually threatened cavalry and aristocracy - Sultans = supreme rulers (manipulated aristocracy, religious institutions, and administrators)--> eventually lost touch and replaced with Vizier - Coffee houses become places of congregation ||
 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * Causes of Decline

Read Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilations(IN DEPTH P.596-597) - Western European society saw a marked shifted in the way children were treated (they were now grouped into a stage of life where they demanded certain attention important to their individual development and self-growth. - Enlightenment thinkers though that ideas from the Scientific Revolution could be applied to humanities (Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, promoted free trade, criminologists supported education for criminals rather than prisons, Denis Diderot assembled Encyclopedie, idea that people are inherently good, "reason is the key to truth"

The Qing Empire
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

- In 646, Japanese imperial court at Taika introduced Taika reforms, aimed at creating a bureaucratic state in Japan that resembled the Tang dynasty in China (the Japanese scholar-gentry tried to learn Chinese, master Confucianism, and admire Buddhist art) - Bureaucratic reforms aimed at creating "absolutist Chinese-style emperor" and peasant conscript army - However, political power resulted in a 3-way struggle between imperial court, aristocratic families, and Buddhist monastic orders - In 794, emperor Kammu gave up attempts at Taika reforms and largely gave into to great aristocratic families - In mid-9th century Fujiwara family married into imperial court and increased power and influence through cooperation with Buddhist monastic order (however, it did not last and local lords gained power) - Eventually Japan broke up into several little estates ruled by landowners who built castles with granaries, blacksmith forges, wells, and armories - In 1200, two powerful aristocratic families, the Taira and Minamoto fought one another; Minamoto emerged victorious in Gempei Wars - Minamoto established bakufu, or military govt. --> lead to weakened Japanese state from previous war, suspicious shogun leaders, and split over Hojo family and Ashikaga Shogunate --> eventually civil war broke out in capital of Kyoto and city reduced to rubble --> ushered in warlord state with daimyo rulers (300 smaller kingdoms) - Under warlord state, peasant armies ravaged countryside --> general demeanor of the nation remained pessimistic; still, introduced regular tax collection

CCOT Essay
Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese relations with foreign nations from 1450-1914