20th+Century+Nationalism

Causes of World War I (The Great War) - Diplomatic tensions between allied countries - Imperialist rivalries (France vs. Germany over Morocco in 1911) - Ignorance on the part of participants that war would be "quick and easy" > Some leaders sought foreign policy gains in the face of failures in domestic policy - Triple Entente (Russia, France, Britian) vs. Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary (Italy??)) - Germany becomes a major economic and military power ---> Triple Entente fears the growing economic and military influence of Germany within Europe ---> Begins an arms race (new warships like the Dreadnought) - New forces within the Balkans > Balkan nationalism (direct cause of WWI, after Serbian shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand)


 * I see.. || It means.. ||
 * A cartoon showing major world leaders trying to sit on a pot labeled "Balkan troubles" (Germany, Russia, Britian, France, Austria)

"The Boiling Point" / inevitability of the pot boiling over

Smoking and steam rising from the "Balkan Troubles" pot

Fire burning in the pot || Western powers, despite being adversaries, tried, in unison to calm the region of the Balkans.

Signifies that this cartoon is supposed to depict European troubles at the very beginning of WWI --> Europeans can't do anything to contain Balkan nationalism

Boiling and steaming pot = exploding diplomatic tensions within the Balkan region

Metaphor for Balkan nationalistic tendencies ||

5. Answer the following questions in your wiki - Start at "It will be our wish..." (10th paragraph) The introduction relates to WWI in that it condemns the secret alliances and covenants that lead to the eventual outbreak of WWI. Wilson's fourteen points, aimed to create a new, peaceful, world order where all agreements were made in the public eye. Wilson suggests that the reason for American entrance into WWI was to quell a conflict that endangered the US interest of a peaceful world - "violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence." The two most important objectives of the 14 points were condemnation of secret covenants and agreements and the right to self-determination. There were also mentions of freedom of navigation upon the seas, free trade, reducing armaments and restoring political boundaries disturbed by the war. The colonies of Britain and France would probably use the 14 points as justification for their own self-determination; the 5th point determined that inhabitants of colonies should have equal say in their governments as their colonial overlords.
 * How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI?
 * What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war?
 * How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points?
 * How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points?

Indian Independence

Notes (pg 657 - 661) The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Main Idea: Nationalist impulses, as well as war within continental Europe, contributed to movements against European control in colonial possessions. - WWI - first time European powers fought directly with one another - Europeans called upon their colonies to support war effort with soldiers and other aid (lead to growth of industrial sector in India) - Allowed for greater African and Asian autonomy (native govt. officials appointed to make up for lack of manpower) - War penetrated European aura of invincibility

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj Main Idea: Nationalist challenges originated from Western-educated Indians (and the National Congress Party) - Western-educated native elites were the people who stirred nationalist movements, and inspired people to revolt against their European rulers - National Congress Party (organization (originally more like "study club") lead by Western-educated Indians that was responsible for much of Indian independence movement) ---> originally, organization that was a forum of Indian intellectualism, still firmly committed to British rule ---> in major cities like Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras ---> helped to give sense of unity to a usually divided country

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement Main Idea: General Indian poverty and indebtedness were the underlying causes for Indian independence movement - Indian elite (esp. bankers and politicians) help to mobilize poorer classes by pointing out economic and social disruptions caused by British rule (and by mentioning that administrators had to be paid + British using Indian economy for self-benefit)

The Rise of Militant Nationalism Main Idea: Some Indian nationalists resorted to violent tactics in order to gain independence; they lost out to more peaceful and moderate reformers. - BG Tilak - concerned by Hindu-Muslim split --> encouraged boycotts and full independence --> wanted to build new India off of principals based on Hinduism --> eventually imprisoned by the British for 6 years - Some revolutionary Bengalis reverted to clandestine terrorist operations in order to gain freedom; had limited effect - peaceful reformers --> Morley-Minto reforms (allowed Indians to gain expanded opportunities to vote and serve on legislative councils).

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Main Idea: Gandhi was a boss - Indian unrest caused by food shortages, poverty, and death caused by the outbreak of WWI - Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 promised greater Indian autonomy, but measures repealed later by Rowlatt Act. - Mohandas Gandhi - non-violent but aggressive protests (satyagraha - truth force) --> tactics that did not allow the British to use their military force --> mix of Indian guru and Western lawyer --> independence movement surged under his leadership (1920s - 1930s)

Notes (pg 722-723) Nationalism and Decolonization The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Main Idea: The independence movement in south Asia led to the creation of 2 states (India and Pakistan) and inspired other movements in other European colonial possessions. - Wartime promises of Indian independence rejected by viceroy and Winston Churchill - Quit India movement (summer of 1942) - collapsed - Peace leaders imprisoned (Gandhi, Nerhu) - Muslim League rallied behind British --> Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Decolonization began in 1945 - 1947 --> resulted in the creation of two states (India = Hindu, Pakistan = secular (mostly Muslim) - Jinnah appointed leader) - Bloodbath ensued - up to 10 million refugees --> Gandhi shot > Gandhi's method of peaceful protest led to a change of independence movements in British colonies

What kind of government resulted from British decolonization in India? The [|Constitution of India] came into force on 26 January 1950.[|[][|83][|]] The [|preamble] of the [|constitution] defines India as a [|sovereign], [|socialist], [|secular], [|democratic][|republic].[|[][|84][|]] India has a [|bicameral] parliament operating under a [|Westminster-style] parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states,[|[][|85][|]] but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.[|[][|86][|]]

What kind of government resulted from British decolonization in Pakistan?

What is the relationship Pakistan and India?


 * What is an Identity? An identity is a set of personal characteristics or behaviors that make an individual or group unique in comparison with the rest of the world.
 * How are our identities formed? Identities are formed either through passing down of ethnic/religious/racial etc. characters or thorough personal development.
 * How does our identity influence the way we see ourselves and others? Often times, identity influences who we associate with and how we interact with them. Often times, people tend to associate with people of the same religious/ethnic/racial identities.
 * What is conformity? Conformity is the tendency of a person or group of people to make decisions based off of pre-set societal standards.
 * How does a society decide who belongs and who does not? A society has a distinct culture that with different values; these cultural values are often used to evaluate whether or not a person "belongs."
 * How do our attitudes and beliefs influence our thinking? We usually base our assumptions and evaluations of people, things, and events off of attitudes and beliefs we have always had (i.e. ethnocentrism)
 * What does it mean to belong to a group? Belonging to a group means that you are a member of a circle of people that are tied in some way (ethnically, religiously, etc.)
 * How is membership defined and by whom is membership defined? Membership is defined as being part of a group by meeting certain criteria (having certain characteristics etc.) and by being acknowledged by other members of a group.

media type="custom" key="8868868"

media type="custom" key="8894032"

Notes pg 661-666 + 727-729

Egypt **Main Idea:** Egypt was able to free itself of British rule over a period of several decades, but the new Egyptian regime, much like the government it had just replaced, failed to significantly increase the standard of living for the overwhelming majority of Egyptians. - Emergence of nationalism preceded European conquest - British occupation in the late 19th century ---> double colonization of the Egyption people (by Turkish khedives and British advisors - Lord Cromer → pushed for economic and bureaucratic reform... encouraged public works - wealth shared by only a fraction of the population (Turco-Egyptian political elite, small Egyptian bourgeoisie in Cairo, and landlords in rural areas (ayan)) - Ayan benefitted the most from infrastructure improvements under British rule - resistance to power originated in a small middle class ( **effendi** ): most important → journalists - Nationalist party formed (but other political parties formed as well. - Dinshawai incident (1906) → led to excessive British response → uprising among the Egpytian people → British granted Egypt a constitution and representation in parliament (1913)

- During WWI, Egyptian peasantry suffered from food shortages, forced labor, and spiraling inflation - Wafd incident (Egyptian leaders refused to travel to France to make case for French independence) → Student protests in Cairo → Emergence of nationalist Wafd party (under leader Sa’d Zaghlul) - British started to leave Egypt in 1922; last British withdrawal in 1936 <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Egyptian independence did not mean a rise in living standards for most people (upper classes continued to seize more power)

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle East <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Main Idea:** Several Middle Eastern states were able to gain independence from their European overlords in the 20th century through nationalist impulses. However, the creation of an Israeli state in Palestinian territories has created much tension between Muslims and Jews. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Ottoman empire dissolved after World War I <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) drove back Greek invaders from Turkey---> reformed Turkey by introducing Western reform (new Latin alphabet, women’s suffrage, criticism of the veil) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Nationalist movements gained steam in the 1920s and 1930s after British failed to keep their promise of preserving Arab independence → (mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Hussien used British promises of independence to create support for British war in Turkey → however, the promises were broken <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Muslims were further agitated by the disposition of Palestine for a Jewish homeland state in present day Israel (Balfour Declaration) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- British policies alienated both Arabs and Zionists <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Palestinian leadership controlled by outside Arabs in 1930-40s; didn’t understand true Palestinian needs

- Between WWI and WWII, several Middle Eastern states technically gained independence (Iraq and Syria), but European influence still strong <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Other nationalist movements occurred later in the mid-20th century (Algeria, Egypt 1952 revolt) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- International support for a Zionist state increased after Hitler’s WWII atrocities against Jews <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- British (fearing Arab backlash) tried to tighten immigration policy by capping the number of Jews that could emigrate to the homeland <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Several Zionist organizations plotted against British rule (lead by Zionist military force, the Haganah + other underground terrorist organizations) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Partition approved by United Nations (Israel and Palestine began two separate states) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- War ensued between Israel and Palestine, but the Zionists were able to defend their land

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Notes pg 798-801 + 802-804 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Egypt <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- In political breakdown --> military holds power/restoring force <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- military leaders = generally anticommunist --> Western backing <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Authoritarian regimes ---> run by the military <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">---> some marred by corruption, greed, social inequity (Uganda, Myanmar, the Congo) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Gamal Abdul Nasser <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-> free officer's movement (secret organization in Egyptian military + Egyptian descent) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> --> loosely allied with the Muslim Brotherhood <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">> MB formed by Muhammad Abduh <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">> focused (early years) on "social uplift and sweeping reforms) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">> strikes, urban riots, militant youth organizations, parliamentary assasinations <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Nasser took power in 1952 (first time Egyptians ruled themselves since 6th century) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- sweeping govt reforms (land limits, state-financed education, employed 30% of country's population, price controls, restrictions on foreign investment, pan-Arabism, anti-Israeli) - greatest achievement = kicked British and French out of Suez canal zone with American and Soviet backing - many reforms failed (Answam Dam and land reforms) - ran out of $ - disastrous Six-Day War - Successor Anwar Sadat (favored private enterprise and Western investment) ---> policies continued by Hosni Mubarak (social inequity in Egypt prolonged) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Iran Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - overthrew Western imposed govt - established Islamic state - wanted to restore "true beliefs, traditions, and institutions of Islamic civilization" Iran before Khomeini - not formally colonized (GB + Russia = sphere of influence) - impetus for "modernization" imposed by Pahavi shahs - shah fled after naiotnalist Mohammad Massadey rose to power --> shah resotred by CIA in 1950 - shah offended religious ayatollahs and mullahs --> offended local merchants b/c of foriegn investment --> economic slump b/c of oil price dip + poor living conditions After 1979 revolution, radical reform by Khomeini: - leftist/ constitutional parties repressed - no foreign investment - Islamic legal codes - Veiling Iran-Iraq War - devastating effect on resources, standard of living in Iran - destroyed Khomeini's plan for reform - thousands of Iranians die b/c of Khomeini's unwillingness to broker peace treaties Iran = ambiguous future
 * Main Idea:** Gamal Abdul Nasser was able to seize power through a military coup, marking the first time in hundreds of years that Egyptians ruled themselves. His military and social agendas were a mixed bag.
 * Main Idea:** In 1979, the Ayatollah overthrew a Western govt. headed by the shah and created a state dedicated to Islamic principles. The Iran-Iraq war made it hard for the new govt. to impose social reforms.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Egypt ruled Turkish khedive (overthrown in 1952) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Lost first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Wealth confined to small land-owning group (ayan) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Most Egyptians toiled in poverty + sub-standard living conditions || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Nationalist (marked the first time ethnic Egyptian ruled in Egypt) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">---> worked towards nationalizing industry and tried to minimize foreign investment <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Active member of the Free Officer's movement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">---> movement was secret revolutionary organization within the Egyptian military (overthrew the govt.) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Encouraged social programs that raised standard of living for poorer Egyptians <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Promoted the idea of Pan-Arabism (greater unity between Arab nations) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Anti-Israeli --> opposed the idea of a Jewish state that displaced Palestinians || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Attempted reform programs ( <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">land limits, state-financed education, employed 30% of country's population, price controls, restrictions on foreign investment) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Gained control of the Suez Canal zone from the British and the French through American and Soviet backing <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Lost disastrous six-day war against Israel in 1967 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Aswan dam + other reform programs largely unsuccessful <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- economic state of Egypt deteriorated towards end of his rule || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Helped to nationalize Egypts industries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Seized control of Suez canal <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Began a trend of ethnic Egyptian rule <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Triggered other revolution || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long-Term Effects <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Social policies = mixed results <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Successors recognized limitations of national intervention into the economy (Anwar reverted back to private enterprise and foreign investment) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Most Egyptians remained poor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Name of Leader: **Gamal Abdul Nasser** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lifespan: 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Title: **President** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Country/region: **Egypt** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Years in Power: **1958 - 1970** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Short-Term effects:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Shah (backed by Western forces) and part of the Pahlavi dynasty <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- never formally colonized by Western powers (GB and Russia had spheres of influence) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Shah restored in 1950 by CIA engineered coup after nationalist Mohammad Masaddey rose to power <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Economic slump (falling oil prices) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Shah offended religious leaders (ayatollahs and mullahs), and local merchants b/c of ruling style || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Wanted to expel Western imposed government in Iran <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Very religious --> encouraged revivalist Islamic movement <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Wanted to create a state based on Islamic legal codes and Islamic values || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Theocracy established <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Radical reforms ( leftist/ constitutional parties repressed, no foreign investment, Islamic legal codes, veiling) - Broke ideological ties with communist Russia - Iran-Iraq war ---> devastating effect on Iranian resources and standard of living for people in Iran; stopped many of the planned reforms || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- established a theocratic government in Iran <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- expelled foreign influence from Iran <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- low standard of living caused by Iran-Iraq war || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long-Term Effects <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Iran = ambiguous political and economic future <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Iran is isolated from many of its neighbors and the West (hostile to the west) ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Name of Leader: **Ruhollah Khomeini** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lifespan: **1902-1989** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Title: **Ayatollah** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Country/region: **Iran** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Years in Power: **1979-1989** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Short-Term effects:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Middle East Summary <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Beginning in the middle part of the 20th century, the Middle East began to see a shift from foreign, secular, Western-backed governments to ethnic Arab governments that were influenced by some to degree by Islam. Beginning in Egypt around WWI, nationalist and anti-Western sentiments began that led to directly to many Middle Eastern countries to cast off European colonial rule. In particular, the Dinsahwi incident (prior to WWI) mobilized many Egyptians to resent British rule in India. Initially, many Arab countries supported European powers during WWI and immediately afterward. For instance, the Sharif of Mecca supported the British in their conflict in Turkey (Turkey was able to become independent after a movement led by Attaturk), with the understanding that Britain would begin to slowly grant independence over time to many Arab nations. Once these promises were broken, however, Arabs became more hostile to European rule. In addition to Egypt, countries like Iraq, Syria, and Jordan claimed their independence during this period. Some countries went even further to try and limit Western intervention into their affairs. In states like Iran and Egypt, leaders like Ayatollah Khomeini and Gamal Abdul Nasser nationalized industries and tried to limit foreign investment. However, many these new governments were unable to entirely reverse many of the poor social and economic conditions seen in these Middle Eastern nations. Many leaders tried to enact reforms geared towards improving the condition of the poor, but there were many obstacles in their way. In Iran for instance, a war marred efforts by the Ayatollah to enact effective social reform programs. Another important development in the Middle East during this period was the creation of a Jewish state in Israel. Zionist movements were seen following WWI, but Western states really began to back a Zionist state following WWII and the Holocaust. The creation of this Jewish state displaced the Palestinian population already living there, however, and tensions still exist today between Israel and the wider Arab world.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 25pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Africa Notes - small group of Western educated Africans by 19th century --> usually loyal to British and French overlords during WWI--> aid with manpower and resources > caused resentment in Africa (food shortages, shipping shortages, Africans given no administrative posts) --> major strikes and riots (particularly in the French colonies) > resentment increased during the Depression years - Marcus Garvey + W E B Du Bois = African Americans who had an impact on African leaders by introducing ideas of pan-Africanism - Negritude literary movement (Leopold Sedar Genghar) --> Helped to combat racial stereotypes of Africans --> highlighted physique and beauty of black skin --> Pre-colonial Africa > colonized Africa - Africans in British colonies given more freedoms --> National Congress of British West Africa --> would eventually lead to nationalist revolutionary movements - WWII more disruptive to colonial order (increase in forced labor, confiscation of crops and minerals, inflation, recruitment) --> WWII led to disruption of colonial governance (led to increase in African urban growth --> created a proletariat group) Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) --> led a revolution in Ghana by creating a new political party (Convention Peoples Party (CPP)) and through new style of politics in mass rallies, boycotts, and strikes --> helped to ease a transition of power over a decade span in 1957; peaceful revolutions characteristic of British colonies - French colonies conceded power in many areas after costly campaigns in Algeria and Indochina (between1956-1960 all French west African countries = free) - Belgian Congo declared independence in 1960 - Peaceful revolutions unworkable in non-settler colonies - European settlers blocked the efforts of many indepedence movements - Kenya began peaceful (Jomo Kenyatta) but became radical (Kenya African Union + Land Freedom Army --> mounted campaign of terror and guerrilla warfare against British and allies) --> British fought back at "Mau Mau revolution" and imprisoned Kenyatta --> After, British negotiated with Kenya and granted independence in 1956 National Liberation Front mobilized Arabs and Berbers against French rule in Algeria - Algeria granted independence by France, but violence increased by Secret Army Organization (settler backlash) --> Civil war - Many Algerians fled to France at this time - White minority managed to maintain its position of supremacy (partly because there were a lot of them in contrast to other settler colonies - 4.5 million ) - Whites had no European homeland to go back to - Afrikaner ideology (more explicit and elaborate racism than other places) - After Boer war, British granted more concessions to the Afrikaner - Afrikaner National Party = committed to continued racism --> complete independence from the British - Apartheid = restrictions meant to subjugate blacks (no voting, no jobs, hampered ability of blacks to form political parties, enforced by brutal police state. - 1970s South Africa most prominent country where population yet to be liberated - homelands created to segregate population (blacks given the poorest lands, much like Indians in America) --> men forced to find cheap factory jobs in cities and leave families in homelands - Black organizations like the African National Congress banned; Steve Biko killed; Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela jailed Factors lead to end of apartheid - international boycott - costly wars in Namibia and Angola - FW de Klerk = moderate Africaner that pushed for reforms - release of Nelson Mandela - permission to hold peaceful mass demostrations - enfranchisement of all adult South Africans in 1994 Mandela declared president - proved to be an skilled and respected political leader South Africa still faces problems with internal ethnic division, radical white groups, and social inequities
 * Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa**
 * Main Idea:** The seeds of revolution were sown by Western-educated Africans prior to WWI.
 * The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa**
 * Main Idea:** Africa was liberated in the mid-20th century following effects from WWII.
 * Repression and the Guerrila War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies**
 * Main Idea:** Settlers in settler colonies tried to impede the independence process.
 * The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa**
 * Main Idea:** South Africa remained in the hands of white settlers, while the rest of the continent began to gain their independence.
 * South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise**
 * Main Idea:** The apartheid state was ended over several decades, yielding way to a South Africa that is able to hold free and fair election.

In Depth pg. 795

- civil wars in Somalia, the Sudan, and Mozambique; refugees from Rwanda, Angola, and Cambodia; slaughter in Timor --> used as justification by the west that these people are unfit to rule themselves - but these states = artificial; people fail to understand the role colonialism played in these divisions + other deep rooted problems - colonizers often drew boundaries that grouped certain hostile ethnic groups - Europeans used divide and conquer tactics (often putting minority in power to create division - i.e. Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda) - very few people had nationalist loyalties in these new nations - East vs West Pakistan --> led to creation of state of Bangladesh - India --> religious tensions (Sihks, Hindus, Muslims)

Questions: 1. Colonizers could have done a better job creating national borders according to the ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds of certain groups of people into consideration. 2. This did not happen because for the Europeans to maintain power in these regions, they had to pit certain groups against one another. 3. Today, Western nations should stop trying maintain new national borders at all costs, and instead let national borders form organically and independently. 4. Western nations like the United States should only intervene in border conflicts if there is a threat of genocide. 5. Bordering nations should try their best to accommodate war refugees by granting them temporary residence within their nations.

--> Muslim movement Secret Army Organization
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || July 5, 1962 || France || NLF (national liberation front)

- National movement grew after WWI || Ahmed Ben Bella Charles de Gaulle || Algeria became independent ---> socialist state

Economy bad || - Dr. Neto - Holden Roberto || - Civil war for 30 years || - || - King Leopold II - Henry Morten Stanley - Governor-gneral Petillon - Patrice Lumumba - 1960 (assassinated by CIA b/c it would side with Soviet Union) - Allende Chile || Political dictatorship Full of wealth || - Pan-Africanism - Started peacefully --> became more radical || Kwame Nkrumah, Obetsebi Blamptey || Republic created 1 party state rich in mineral resources + good education, but govt. corruption democratic reforms l8er on... || April 16, 1980 - Full independence || Great Britain || War after independence movements || Josh Nkomo Robert Mugabe Canon Banana || - Corruption - Division amongst the people - Civil Wars - Fraud - Poverty || - included many assinations || - Dedan Kimathi (eventually executed) - Oginga Odinga - Harry Thuku - Jomo Kenyatta - The Mau Mau movement || - constitutional monarchy w/ prime minister - better economic state after independence || Independence from white minority || Great Britain/ White People || - Afrikaner National Party - Tensions between the different races b/c of apartheid || - Walter Sisulu - Nelson Mandela - FW de Klerks - Steve Biko || - promising future? - World Cup 2010 ||
 * Angola || 1971 || Portugal || - MPLA, FNLA, UNITA || - Jonas Savimbi
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belgium || - Resources drained from Belgian Congo
 * Ghana || March 6, 1957 || Great Britain || - Populist movement
 * Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) || 1965 - Unilateral Delcaration of Independence (not recognized by international community)
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || Great Britain || - violent military revolution
 * Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * South Africa || Independence from Britain 1934

Summary on Africa Several countries in Africa, after their independence movements from European colonizers, faced many of the same social, economic, and political problems. For one, years of European rule meant that when they had left, arbitrary colonial boundaries were drawn that did not take into consideration the ethnic and tribal splits between different peoples in the region. This internal division is seen especially in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Angola, for instance, after its independence movement, saw three different separatist movements vie for control in a long, drawn out, and bloody civil war that only ended in 2002. In South Africa, there were intertribal internal divisions as well, but the most prominent split was between white and blacks who resided there. In terms of economic potential, Africa is one of the most resource-rich and mineral-rich countries in the world. However, because of political instability, exploitation by many Western countries, and a lack of good infrastructure systems, this potential has largely gone unfulfilled. Belgian Congo, for instance, has been unable to take advantage of its mineral wealth because a failed government. Many of these failed government systems also have to do with the greed, corruption, and incompetence of African leaders. Across the continent, from the Congo to the Ivory Coast to Sudan and even Libya in Northern Africa, leaders have refused to instill democratic political structures, instead electing to remain in power for extended periods of time (often until the end of their lives). But Africa does have some hope for the future. South Africa, a country once rampant with racism and social inequities has made strides towards a more fair and more just society in recent years. Other African nations can follow its lead in the coming years.