Development+of+Civilization

Civilization

1.1 What is a Civilization? A civilization is a society of people with a written language, a complex system of sedentary agriculture, specialized occupations, and some form of political organization.

1.2 ESPIRIT Chart: Early Civilizations **Period 6 ESPIRIT Chart - Changes associated with the development of Civilization ** ● Trade was between Mesopotamia and the Indian and Chinese civilizations. - ● The Mesopotamia civilization was based on a more capitalist government while the Egyptian civilization was based on a socialist government. || - Social Distinctions often include Slaves, Monarchy, Nobles, and economic distinctions.. Such as in Egyptian times where pharoahs were playing the lead role in politics- Good any examples that stand out? - Due to population growth the need for childcare became urgent, thus pushing woman towards a more subordinate way of life. But prior to this, distinction between genders weren’t easily recognizable- What about PRIOR TO THIS? || - Early communities appointed a leader or ‘king’ with divine status. - Military and political structures were formed. - Example? From the time! Catal Huyuk - Government began collecting tributes and taxes from subjects. - Hammurabi establishes formal code of law. - develop this - Sumer were the first to have city-states with formalized boundaries. || ● They did make trading contact with other middle eastern civilization and India. ● Most people lived in a really congested area and that attracted diseases so they started to spread. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● Sumerians had religious rituals, cities have a patron god and erected impressive shrines to please and honors cities (**Polytheism**) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● advancement of mathematics || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● pottery -> potter wheel/basket-weaving <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● slash and burn agriculture <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● metal work/development of metal tools <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● population growth - any evidence??? - why? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● wood crafting ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Economic || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● The Middle East came up with cuneiform which slowly spread across the world when the Sumerians came up with their own alphabet and soon the Egyptians, Indians and Chinese adopted their own writing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Social || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Agricultural groups grew large enough for several people to specialize in jobs, thus leading to a separation in social classes amongst economic identification- Is this Social or Economic? ->
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Political || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Communities, rather than isolated farms, formed because need for manpower to create irrigation systems, take care of farms etc.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Interactions || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● Mesopotamians had trading roots within the due to the civilization based along it, thus helping its growth
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Religious || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● Catal Huyuk people had strong religious belief. The houses there contemplated those beliefs through the images of the “mother Goddesses”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Intellectual developments || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● cuneiform - Explain - Sumerian alphabet
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Technology || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">● irrigation systems

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 230%;">1.3 ESPIRIT Chart: Babylonia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civilization/Nation/Group: Babylonia

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Time Period: ~2000 - ~700 BC

- Economy based on agri**culture, husbandry, manufactured goods (textiles), and limited foreign trade** - Good exchanged in a free-market barter system; **silver** was standard of exchange, but rarely changed hands. || - Three classes: **awilu** (free person of upper class), **mushkenu** (free person of lower class) and **wardu** (slave); some slaves were Babylonian, others were prisoners of war || - Under Hammurabi, **centralized govt. bureacracy** given the power to tax inhabitants of Babylonia || - Location of Babylon meant that Babylonia was subject to many wars throughout centuries of history (**Persian empire** in 539 BC, wars with **Assyria** etc.) || - Created massive temples called **ziggurats** where professional priests practiced their trade; served as centers for presentations for offerings and endowments for their gods. || - Some boys sent to school to learn to become **scribes**; they mastered the oral language of **Akkadian**, which replaced **Sumerian** as the official language of Babylonia; they also learned script and **cuneiform** || - Utlized clay bricks to create permanent settlements || http://www.bible-history.com/babylonia/BabyloniaTimechart_of_Early_Mesopotamian_.htm
 * E || - Developed a system of c**anals and flood banks** to irrigate the land; a govt. official would be responsible for making sure the canals stayed clean, free of silt and weeds
 * S || - Sophisticated social hierarchy with **kings, nobels, free citizens, civil servants, and slaves**; some debt slaves had the opportunity to free themselves through sufficient amount of work
 * P || - **Hammurabi** (one of the rulers of Babylonia) created **first legal code** (containing 280 judgments)
 * I || - Babylon became part of a trade network including **India**, parts of **Europe, Anatolia, and Egypt**
 * R || - Polytheistic religion based on forces of nature (i.e. **Shamash**, the sun god was in charge of justice)
 * I || - Made strides with calendar system, measured time with sun dial, interested in astronomy (lunar calendar), and had a base 60 numerical system (b/c of minutes in an hour and degrees in a sundial)
 * T || - Made strides in farming (irrigation system = series of canals and flood banks), pottery, metallurgy


 * Babylonia** was one of the first human civilizations to arise in Mesopotamia. This agricultural-based society relied on irrigation systems that consisted of canals and flood blanks to farm. They also made strides in mathematics and science: they created the sun-dial, a base 60 counting system, and observed many astronomical patterns. The truly unique thing about Babylonia, however, is that it was the first society to have a **recorded code of written law**, created by the one of the rulers of Babylonia, **Hammurabi**, in 1786 BC.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 230%;">1.4 APPARTS chart: Hammurabi's Code What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || This legal code was created in Babylon, one of the first civilizations to appear on earth (after Sumer); the society relied heavily on irrigation systems and agriculture, and perhaps this is why there is emphasis placed on laws relating to stockpiles of food etc. “If a person is too lazy to make the dike of his field strong an there is a break in the dike and water destroys his own farmland, that person will make good the grain [tax] that is destroyed.” || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience is the inhabitants of Babylonia, who were expected to abide by this code… all social classes had specific laws to follow… “If the slave of a free man strikes the cheek of a free man, they shall cut off his ear” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || The reason that Hammurabi created this legal code was because he felt it was necessary to maintain law and order in a society where people needed to be held accountable for their actions. If some members of society stole grain or killed others, the entire society would collapse. “If a man has committed robbery and is caught, that man shall be put to death.” || Support with quotes || The main idea of Hammurabi’s code was that crime would be met with harsh punishment in order to uphold law; the idea of “an eye for an eye” was also emphasized; “If a man has put out the eye of a free man, they shall put out his eye”… Everybody has to be held accontable (even for people in positions of power): Judges, for example, were put to death if they changed their rulings. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || Hammurabi’s code is significant in that it was the first ever recorded legal code; this laid the foundation for society (people can’t murder, steal, lie, etc), especially when crops, security, and peace necessary for Babylonian society as a whole. Harsh penalties were imposed in order to maintain peace and stability. The law code encouraged people to act as a cohesive unit, rather than as individuals looking out for their own well-being. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || -**Hammurabi**: king of **Babylon** + united **Mesopotamia** between 1800 and 1750 BCE ||
 * ** Place ** – Where and when was it created - || - Created to be **legal code** for people living in Babylon, during Hamurabi’s rule (1786 BC); was found in Iran in 1901 CE ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

Questions? Why were all the penalties for breaking the Hammurabi’s code so harsh? In the absence of a true penal system, Babylonia enacted excessively harsh punishments in order to ensure that people would be discouraged from breaking any of Hummurabi's judgements.

Hammurabi's Code: Well-preserved law code.

1.5 Early Civilizations Vocabulary Two ancient, yet highly-sophisticated homo sapiens discussing artistic techniques.
 * **Neolithic Revolution** || The change from **traditional hunting-gathering to agricultural systems**; took place over several thousands years over many generations, but fundamentally changed the way people lived (freed up time for people to form **govts**, **specialized trades** etc) ||
 * **Bronze Age** || A period between **4000 BC to around 1500 BC** where humans relied heavily on metals like **copper** and **bronze** to make tools superior to those made of stone (making work more efficient, thereby freeing up more time for specialization and increase quality of life); however, people switched to making their tools with iron later on ||
 * **Catal Huyuk** || A well-preserved Neolithic village in modern day Turkey founded in 7,000 BC; At first, no real trade with other settlements, but gradually, over thousands of years, it became part of civilization (with specialized workers, system of governments, military forces etc); important site for studying development of ancient civilizations ||
 * **Civilization** || A term (literally derived from the Latin term for city) used to describe a settlement of humans that hold certain traits (although specific traits are contested by scholars) like sedentary agriculture, divisions of labor, political organizations, and written language ||
 * **Ziggurats** || One of the first examples of large-scale architecture by **Sumerians**; Massive towers that served as temples for **professional priests** ||
 * **City States** || Settlements of people with **formalized boundaries**; led to communities with formal governments, militaries etc. People in these communities often had specific duties to their societies as a whole ||
 * **Sumerians** || The people that inhabited the area between **Tigris and Euphrates** **rivers** (roughly modern-day Iraq); they were responsible for creating the first “civilizations” ||
 * **Hammur****abi** || A Babylonian leader that installed the world’s first **code of law**; established “procedure for courts of law and regulated property rights and the duties of family members, setting harsh punishments for crimes” ||
 * **Huanghe** || A river in China were human civilization seemed to independently arise; People had heavy focus on arts, science, and technology, but there was no major construction; written language in ideographic symbols ||
 * **Indus River** || An area where prosperous urban civilizations arose in cities like **Harappa** and **Mohenjo Karo**; had some contact with Mesopotamia but developed unique alphabet and art forms; fate shrouded in mystery because of natural devastation ||

An artist's interpretation of early Catal Huyuk.

1.6 Chapter 1 Summary **Civilization** is commonly defined a society of people that meet a certain number of parameters. Some of these include: - Complex system of sedentary agriculture - Political organization - Specialized occupations - Written language The establishment of these characteristics relied heavily on the invention of agriculture (whose discovery and spread was called the "**Neolithic Revolution**"), which was arguably the most important change in the entire development of human civilization. Agriculture compelled humans to creat **irrigation systems** with canals and floodbanks which, in turn, encouraged human interaction, while crop excesses gave others free time to practice **specialized occupations** (professional priests, government officials, carpenters, pottery makers, etc). These agricultural societies developed in areas that provided the right environmental conditions; these conditions first appeared along the **Nile River**, the **Indus River**, the **Huanghe River**, and between the **Tigris and Euphrates Rivers** (**Mesopotamia**). Eventually, as civilization became more complex, advances in science (sun dial, astronomy etc.), math (early forms of algebra), architecture (**ziggurats**), and religion (almost all of which were polytheistic at the time) accelerated the pace of human development. One good example of the human development was an ancient community based in modern day Turkey, **Cattal Huyuk**, who developed a government (with a king with divine status), and a military to fend off invasions from other early peoples.