Greece+and+Rome

4.1 APPARTS Chart: Thucydies on Athens

Might tend to favor Athenian system of govt. and politics b/c he was prominent Athenian politician || – Where and when was it created - || Athens, 431 – 430 BCE (in the midst of the **Peloponnesian War**) ||
 * **Author** – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || **Pericles** = well-respected young noble; dominated Athenian politics between 460 – 420 BCE (**Athens** during its golden age); also served as a war general during the Peloponnesian War
 * Place
 * Prior Knowledge

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || - The Athenians were the first to create a system of government where even the lowest ranked individuals were in some way able to take part in the political process (**democracy**) ||
 * Audience

Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || - The intended audience of the speech is the Athenian citizenry; because Pericles associated the speech with defending a way of life, the people of Athens may have been swayed into throwing more popular support behind the Peloponnesian War and the Athenian government - “Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought, and died; and well may every one of the their survivors be ready to suffer the consequences” ||
 * Reason for Creation

What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || - The speech was given primarily to improve Athenian morale during a time of war (much like George Washington’s speech at Valley Forge) -“ Take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of war.” ||
 * The Main Idea

Support with quotes || - Pericles is essentially talking about 1. the need to honor the sacrifices of the Athenian soldiers who died during the Peloponnesian War – “ And while committing to hope the uncertainty of final success, in the business before them they thought fit to act boldly and trust in themselves.”

2. the merits of a **liberal, democratic state** and the need to defend it (while ensuring that the Athenian soldiers who perished had not done so in vain” “You must yourselves realize the power of Athens, and feed your eyes upon her from day to day, till the love of her fills your hearts” ||
 * Significance

How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || - This speech illustrated how much Athenians respected their newly created form of government (which would serve as a model for governments later on in the future) - Also gives insight into personal loyalties of the Greek people (**loyalty to individual city-states, not to Greece as a whole**) ||

Questions? What was the Peloponnesian War fought over? Regional dominance? Control over trading waters?



4.2 APPARTS Chart: Thucydies on Athens

Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || - Greek historian **Plutarch**; born 45 CE; great traveler throughout eastern Mediterranean; known for uplifting accounts and philosophical observations; included works about **Alexander the Great, Caesar, Cicero, and Lycurgus** (Spartan lawgiver) - Was a Greek historian, so may have inherent biases towards some Greek ideal (although he was from **Corinth**, not **Sparta**); born hundreds of years after pinnacle of Spartan rule || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || - Sparta = Athens great rival in 5th century BC; established dominance over surrounding regions and created a military state (as opposed to a democracy in Athens) in order to oversee a group of conquered peoples between 800 BC – 600 BC || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || - Intellectuals of 1st century Greece and Rome who wanted to understand the implications that Spartan society had on Sparta itself and Greece as a whole "For by such things Lycurgus thought good counsel was not promoted, but rather discouraged, since the serious purposes of an assembly were rendered foolish and futile by vain thoughts" || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || - Created to gain insight into daily life of Spartan; to understand the character of the people who lived there; also to understand how these insights affected the “big picture” in Classical Greece "No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that **they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves**. " || Support with quotes || - Lycurgus instituted many changes within Spartan society that made it a more orderly and efficient entity. He 1. Created a **Council of Elders** to balance the power of the people and the power of the king. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. He redistributed the land and wealth in Sparta so that everyone would be more or less equal. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. He banished unnecessary items of luxury. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. He placed great emphasis on **schooling of young children** (especially boys) from the age of 7. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"In a word, he trained his fellow-citizens to have neither the wish nor the ability to live for themselves." || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- When contrasted with Athens, Sparta seemed to be a **more militaristic state**, more concerned with becoming an **efficient warring state** than considering democratic ideals <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- **More government control** and **l****ess political participation** in Sparta than in the more liberal Athens ||
 * **Author** –
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Place** – Where and when was it created - || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Created in Greece (Sparta) in the 1st century CE ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Prior Knowledge**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Audience**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Reason for Creation**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**The Main Idea**
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Significance**

4.3 Comparison of Athens and Sparta

According to the documents, state the similarties and differences between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Athens and Sparta, both strong autonomous city-states within the Medittareanean, became regional powers within the boundaries of Classical Greece. However, Athens was a liberal, 'democratic' state that embraced some form of democracy, while Sparta was a more militaristic state that featured more government control and less political participation. In Athens, for instance, even the lowest-ranked members of society were able to partake in the political process; "[Athens'] administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look at the laws, they afford equal justice to all in settling private differences." In contrast, the Spartan state promoted equality in a slightly different manner. Rather than affording every citizen political opportunity, Sparta redistributed wealth equally so that people would be discouraged from living individualistic lives. As Thucydides explained it; " "No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they b <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -elonged entirely to their country and not to themselves." In addition, there was little interest in developing art and literature in Sparta than in the more cultural Athens.  <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 200%; line-height: normal;">4.4 ESPIRIT: Greece and Rome  - Economic system based on commercial agriculture, trade, and slavery
 * Economics**

- Roman govt. oversaw production of commercial grains, crops (promoting public works, storage facilities, conserving vital supplies etc.) - did not establish a society that "distinctly valued capitalist moneymaking" - Slavery formed an integral part of Roman economy

Rome created a social structure that resembled that of previous civilizations; noblemen and wealthy landlords occupied the top of the social ladder, while commoners and slaves were at the bottom. Men remained dominant within the patriarchal family.
 * Social**

- had distinct social classes (plebeians and patricians) - both societies had slave at the bottom of the social ladder - both societies remained patriarchal, and husbands still were expected to be the judges of their wives - women were allowed to have limited property rights

Greece - polis (politics) - people of Greece felt great responsibility to politics of city-states (esp. because many served in the army) - no single set of political institutions (very politically diverse structures throughout Greece - tyranny: rule by individual strongmen - Athens - some direct democracy (only for male citizens) - still largely aristocratic society - most common form of govt. in Greece --> aristocracy --> Sparta --> rule over slaves by force Rome The Roman Republic consisted of a Senate composed of aristocrats and two conculs that held executive power. There was also distinct codes of 'fair and reasoned' law meant to protect property and the lower classes.
 * Political**

- Senate (composed of aristocrats) - Two consuls held executive power - Participation + interest in 'polis' = high - Cicero: famous political writer - Distinct codes of law --> fair and reasoned law - meant to protect property and poor citizens - also meant to restrain upper classes from arbitrary action - Sponsored public works, sporting events etc. - No state-sanctioned religion

Rome was able to extend its rule throughout the Mediterranean Sea in the last century BC. But despite the large swath of land it ruled, it was not heavily influenced by the Classical civilizations of the East, rather drawing inspiration from ancient Greece.
 * Interaction**

- Punic Wars (264 BC - 146 BC) - War with Carthage - The need to improve economy --> capture more fertile lands --> creation of empire - Trade with East; silver, gold, wheat, and sometimes exotic African animals sold in exchange for Chinese goods like Silk

Rome did not generate a 'world class' religion, but did borrow a similiar religious structure from the Greeks. However, this religion did not dictate the lives of Romans like Confucianism and Hinduism did in China and India.
 * Religion**

- did not create a major 'world class' religion - had a religious systems based upon Greeks (with a creator/father - Jupiter, and a range of other gods that had special roles like Neptune, Mars, and Venus) - Christianity created and spread during the rise and fall of Rome, but not a uniquely Roman creation

Although the Romans did not heavily contribute to Greek and Hellenistic science, they modeled much of their art, architecture, and literature after the Greek precedessors.
 * Intellectual/Cultural**

- did not add to Greek and Hellenistic science - helped to preserve Greek traditions - applied Greek sciences to more practical methods (great roads, aqueducts, arches) - Romans noted for their monumental athletic performances

The Romans, a great engineering people, applied knowledge they gained from the Greeks in a more practical manner, constructing roads, aqueducts, arches, and domes.
 * Technology**

- engineering (aqueducts, improved roads, stadiums, **domes**, various other public works projects) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- no real advancements in agriculture from either civilization b/c of the abundance and availability of slave labor



<span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: normal;">4.5 Greece and Rome Key Terms Peloponnesian Wars with Sparta ||
 * Hellenistic Period || - Period of history following the decline of Greece, where a wide array of cultures were influenced by Greek ideas and ideals (helped in part by the conquests of **Alexander the Great** in the 1st century) ||
 * Persia || - A “vibrant classical civilization” that controlled land to the west of Greece; was only able to exert limited influence on its own region (northeastern portion of the Middle East ||
 * Greek city-states || - Independent factions divided by physical boundaries in Greece that had their own political systems; established by descendants of **early Indo-European invaders**. By far, two most prominent city-states were **Athens** and **Sparta** ||
 * Pericles || - Prominent Athenian political leader that championed ideals of democracy and political moderation within his city-state; ultimately unable to avoid the disastrous consequences of the
 * Alexander the Great || **Macedonian king** who conquered a large swath of land stretching from Greece all the way to western parts of India; considered one of the largest empires in human history, but failed to last more than a half century after the death of Alexander at the age of 33; empire contributed to Hellenistic period by spreading Greek ideals, and established some form of trade between the East and the West ||
 * Roman Republic || - Empire ruled by **republican** system that included a Senate, and two consuls with executive power (later would become emperor with ‘supreme power’) ||
 * Punic Wars || - Wars fought between Rome and the North African establishment of **Carthage**; **Hannibal**, a Carthaginian general, tried to attack Rome with elephants, but it was ultimately Rome that succeeded, allowing them to be the pre-eminent power within the Mediterranean ||
 * Julius Caesar || - One of the emperors of Rome in 45 BCE who gained control after a quarrel between two generals; he was ultimately ousted as well, and his nephew, **Augustus Caesar** gained control in 27 BCE; played a role in turning the **republic into an empire** ||
 * Diocletian and Constantine || - Later Roman emperors that attempted to turn the tide of the fall of the empire; the latter would adopt Christianity in an attempt to unite the Roman Empire ||
 * Polis || - Greek word for city-state (see city-state above) ||
 * Direct democracy || - Athens in the 5th century employed some form of **direct democracy**, where the citizens of Athens voted on referendums directly in assemblies; this system of government advocated by Pericles ||
 * Stoics || - Ethical systems promoted by famous Greek philosophers **Aristotle, Socratics, and Plato**; separate from state-sanctioned religion, and promoted **rational, independent thinking** from each person ||
 * Sophocles || - Greek playwright that wrote both **comedies** and **tragedies**; one of his most prominent works included mythical Greek king of Thebes, **Oedipus** ||
 * Iliad and the Odyssey || - The two most well-known tales of Greek literature, written by Homer; told the tale of brave adventurers in ancient Greece ||
 * Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian || - Greek decorative styles in architecture that would adorn temples, and other public buildings in Greece, and later on in Rome (can also be seen in many federal buildings in Washington DC) ||
 * Commercial Farming || - Farming and cultivation of crops like **grapes** and **olives** that were meant to be sold in exchange for other essential goods (away from subsistence farming); promoted trade, government oversight; also favored farmers and landowners who had access to capital, and put many others in debt ||
 * Slavery || - Formed an integral part of both the Greek and Roman economies; employed in both societies to be domestic servants (especially within more affluent households in capitals like Athens, and Rome); also worked in silver mines in Greece --> silver was then traded to the East in exchange for goods like silk ||

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: normal;">4.6 Conrad Demarest Model of Empire: Rome //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">State-level Govt. // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- local monarchy in central Italy established; eventually conqured other parts of Italy in conquest //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">High Agricultural Potential // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- conquered grain and wheat fields in Sicily/Southern Italy //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Environmental Mosaic // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Surrounded by the Meditaranean Sea + river; facilited trade, and defended peple from outside invaders //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Several Small States with no Dominant Sides / Mutual Antagonisms // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Greek city-states = infighting; Romans were able to defeat Carthaginians; Germanic tribes not united //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adequate Military Resources // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Romans invested into massive army because of need to control trade and subdue slaves etc.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I. Prequistes for the Rise of Empires **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- offered people a chance at glory, part of a large empire with trade <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- offered people some say in govt. affairs - (elected senators / republic)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">II. Ideology (personal identification with state, empire, conquest, and militarism) **

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Efficient Bureaucracy // <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Efficient bureaucracy facilitated trade, and defended people from outside influences <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Increased Trade// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Trade throughout the Mediteranean Sea increased with Roman empire (trade within empire as well as trade with South/East through nomads) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Law System + Justice// <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Clearly defined code of law established to protect property rights and individuals of lower social classes //Building Projects// - Engineering masters (bridges, roads, aqueducts, __domes__, etc) //Cosmopolitan City// - More public works projects, immigrants from North Africa, Germany, Spain, East in Rome
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">III. Characteristics **

//Economic rewards// - Romans conquered territories and often captured slaves and other goods; Trade facilitated throughout Mediterranean drove down prices of goods w/ practices like commercial farming; people benefitted from specialized occupations in Rome etc. //Population increase// - Population of people within boundaries of Roman empire increased over time as larger areas of land were covered
 * IV. Major Rewards of the Empire:**

//Ideology of expansion and conquest beyond practical limits// - Empire faced pressure from wide-spread boundaries (Germanic tribes in the North, powers in the East); empire so big that individuals felt they could no longer influence it //Failure of indefinite conquest = less rewards// - Romans failed to acquire any more land after 0 BCE; therefore, reaped no benefits from acquiring new territories //Revolutions// - Internal strife by lower class strained the power and influence of the Roman govt.
 * V. Empires fall because:**

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Increased Trade // <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: normal;"> <span style="border-collapse: collapse; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: normal;">4.7 Greece and Rome Summary <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Although Rome borrowed heavily from the Greece in terms of **culture**, **architecture**, **religion**, and **philosophy**, profound differences existed between the two most enduring centers of civilization in the Mediterranean during the Classical period; for instance, the Greeks tended to govern through a collection of **independent city-states** and often invested time into the more philosophical side of the sciences, while Rome ruled an enormous empire, and applied Greek scientific discoveries in a more **practical manne**r. Politics or **poleis**, of course, were distinctly separate affairs in Greece and Rome. Greek city-states had a diverse array of political systems, some more successful than others; for example, **Athens** demonstrated some form of **democracy** while **Sparta** employed an **aristocracy** aimed at subduing the slave population. Rome, however, was one unified empire that had an **emperor**, **consuls**, and a **Senate**. Philosophical thought and sciences in Greece were characterized by famous figures like **Socrates, Euclid, and Plato**, who made strides in rational thought and mathematics. Rome, on the other hand, made no real additions to Greek knowledge, but applied many of their techniques in a more practical manner; they excelled in constructing architectural feats like roads, bridges, **aqueducts**, and stadiums (with **dome** top roofs). Nevertheless, it is clear that Romans drew much of their inspiration from Greece; their art, architecture, and religious systems were virtually the same. Furthermore, both of their economies relied heavily on commercial farming, trade with the East, and slave labor <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">and men in both patriarchal societies tended to be "head of the household." The Mediterranean civilizations also harbored lofty views of their own establishments, never really drawing upon the achievements of the Arabs, the Indians, and the Chinese; in fact, the Greeks coined the term "barbarian" (used to describe foreigners), because their languages sounded like "bar-bar-bar" to them. Greece and Rome, after their decline, would ultimately influence other societies in a selective and indirect manner.