Japan,+Korea,+and+Vietnam

13.1 Japan ESPIRIT Civilization: Postclassical Japan Time Period: 645 - 1300 - Japanese relied heavily on trade with China, although after the Tang collapse, they refused to give tribute to them - Merchants still made dangerous sea crossing to China in search for profits - Warlord states supported construction of irrigation, greater use of draft animals, and new crops - Peasant encouraged to make silk, hemp, paper, dyes, and vegetable oil; warlords then encouraged merchants to come to their kingdoms to trade || - In 9th century mini-states, the warrior leaders, the bushi, administered the law- Samurai warriors often hired by landlords (and to some extent monks and imperial order) to protect towns from bandits, robbers, and other mini-states - Sumurai devoted their lives to hunting, riding, archery practice, etc. (used longbows and swords) --> epitome of heroic warfare - Warrior code encouraged seppuku, or disembowelment after losing to a rival - New wealthy commercial class formed and guilds introduced during the warlord state era - Modest strides for merchant and artisan women overshadowed by loss of stature for women in higher classes; disinheritance and new attitude towards women (who were supposed to serve men blindly) took away from their artistic and cultural contributions || - In 646, Japanese imperial court at Taika introduced Taika reforms, aimed at creating a bureaucratic state in Japan that resembled the Tang dynasty in China (the Japanese scholar-gentry tried to learn Chinese, master Confucianism, and admire Buddhist art) - Bureaucratic reforms aimed at creating "absolutist Chinese-style emperor" and peasant conscript army - However, political power resulted in a 3-way struggle between imperial court, aristocratic families, and Buddhist monastic orders - In 794, emperor Kammu gave up attempts at Taika reforms and largely gave into to great aristocratic families - In mid-9th century Fujiwara family married into imperial court and increased power and influence through cooperation with Buddhist monastic order (however, it did not last and local lords gained power) - Eventually Japan broke up into several little estates ruled by landowners who built castles with granaries, blacksmith forges, wells, and armories - In 1200, two powerful aristocratic families, the Taira and Minamoto fought one another; Minamoto emerged victorious in Gempei Wars - Minamoto established bakufu, or military govt. --> lead to weakened Japanese state from previous war, suspicious shogun leaders, and split over Hojo family and Ashikaga Shogunate --> eventually civil war broke out in capital of Kyoto and city reduced to rubble --> ushered in warlord state with daimyo rulers (300 smaller kingdoms) - Under warlord state, peasant armies ravaged countryside --> general demeanor of the nation remained pessimistic; still, introduced regular tax collection || - Structure of the Japanese imperial court largely modeled after the Chinese bureaucratic system - Japanese art resembled Chinese art in many instances (both placed emphasis on nature and symbolic meaning and utilized similar artistic techniques)--> monochrome sketches, screen and scroll paintings ---> encouraged by Zen Buddhism - Chinese influence began to decline after dissolution of the Tang (but revived on artistic and cultural level) - Architecture --> Golden and Sliver Pavilions, Ryoanji Temple - Japanese art and architecture at the time heavily influenced by Shintoism and Zen Buddhism || - Some peasants in Japan began to fuse Buddhism with the ancient kami (nature spirits of Japan) - In 760, a Buddhist monk tried to ascend the hierarchy of the imperial court by marry the empress Koken (showed the influence of Buddhism on Japanese politics) - Subjugated peasant class, who were reduced to serfs in the later Japanese postclassical era, increasingly turned towards pure land Buddhism (salvation in heaven etc.) || - Imperial court life consisted of "world of luxury and aesthetic delights (followed strict codes of behavior, while social relationships determined one's status) - Women in the Heian court able to practice poetry, music, and writing (given more freedom than in other societies) - Chinese writing modified to resemble the Japanese language --> lead to increase in literary works - Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Geji considered best literary work of the time; gave insight into the world of the imperial court || - New tools and new crops (soybeans) gave peasants slightly better life - Stone castles ||
 * E || Main Idea: The Japanese relied heavily on manorial system with peasant labor and agriculture (a mostly agrarian society).
 * S || Japanese society was dominated by an aristocratic ruling class, an elite warrior class, and a serf-like peasant class (in addition to leaders in the imperial court and Buddhist monks).
 * P || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Japan, in the postclassical era, experienced a shift from a highly centralized bureaucracy to a highly decentralized feudal state.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Japanese art, literature, politics, and philosophy was heavily influenced by Chinese ideas; however, towards the end of the postclassical era, Japan deviated from Chinese political ideals.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">R || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peasants, subjugated by a ruling class and reduced to a serf-like social status, increasingly turned to pure land Buddhism, drawn by visions of an afterlife and popularization of the religion.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">I || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Japanese art, literature, and architecture continued to flourish throughout the postclassical era, independent of the political strife the country was experiencing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">T || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">New agricultural developments increased the efficiency of Japanese agriculture.

14.2 Sinification Chart - Buddhist influences (eventually became threat to Korean imperial and aristocratic power) - Chinese written language (later adapted) - Artistic techniques (including kinds of brush strokes) and symbolism, rather than 'realness' of artwork - Paid tribute to Chinese at some point in their history (opportunity for trade, cultural exchange, etc.) Chinese architecture (Buddhist monasteries, castles etc) - Women lose power and influence - Trade || - Japanese feudal system unique of Chinese/Confucian ideals (fragmentation of Japan into 300 parts) - No social mobility (smart people could not rise from their poor status) - Distinct poetry and literature (The Tale of Genji - Lady Murasaki) - Opulent and artificial lives of people at the imperial court - Rise of the power of the aristocratic elite - Emergence of the warrior-elite class (samurai) + ruling class (bushi) - Warrior code/etiquette - Manorial system || --> access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods + scholar trips - Han conquered Choson kingdom - Spread of Buddhism - Adoption of the Chinese language (later adapted to Korean) - Chinese style bureaucracy - Political and economic dealings with China - Artistic pursuits and artistic techniques || - Improved Chinese ceramic work (green-glazed celadon bowls and vases + oxide glazes) - Improved Chinese printing, devising a way to use honey as a sort of glue to keep printing types in good condition - Distinctive forms of dress, cuisine, and unique class system - Own racial distinctiveness - Preference towards Buddhism instead of Confucianism - Social class = aristocrats and everyone else || - Spread of Buddhism - Trade with China - Under Chinese control, Vietnamese forced to attend Chinese style school ---> wrote in Chinese script and reading classical Chinese text of Confucius and Mencius - Civil service exams - cropping techniques / irrigation technology (made Vietnam most productive farmland in region) - Style of military control --> gave them edge over Indianized armies of the West - Architecture - Chinese style bureaucracy || - Resentment of Chinese control and fear of losing individuality and distinctiveness --> series of rebellions - Intermarriage with other peoples (Mon-Khmer and Tai-speaking people) - Vietnamese language =/= Chinese language - Village unit of organization - Skirts vs. pants, cockfighting, betel nut, blackened teeth - Distinct art and literature - Poetry criticizing Chinese control and oppresion - Women given more of a prominent role in society (Trung sisters' rebellion, poetry about polygamy etc) - China and Vietnam geographically separated - Social class --> scholar gentry never gained much power; village leaders and Buddhist monks had power - North/South cultural and political shift (much like US)- Trinh vs. Nguyen || Main Idea: Although Vietnam borrowed heavily from Chinese political, social, and cultural models, resentment of Chinese control and fear of losing their distinctiveness and individuality lead to Vietnamese rebellions against Chinese authority. Key Terms: Khmers (Cambodians), Red River, Trung Sisters, Le Dynasty, Chams (enemies of Vietnam with Indianized military structure), Trinh vs. Nguyen (North vs. South), Mekong delta region
 * || Borrowed from China || Unique Ideas ||
 * Japan || - Early attempts at centralized bureaucracy (Taika reforms)
 * Korea || - Paid tribute to Chinese at some point in their history (opportunity for trade, cultural exchange, etc.)
 * Vietnam || - Paid tribute to Chinese at some point in their history (opportunity for trade, cultural exchange, etc.)

14.2 Summary - Southeast Asia <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Heavy Chinese influence on Korea, Vietnam, and Japan occured because of favorable geopolitical conditions. Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, all low-lying nations (where traditional Chinese crops like millet and rice could be gorwn), were in close proximity to China, and naturally, they were compelled to emulate the social, political, and cultural achievements of their neighbor. However, some countries were influenced more so than others; for instance, while Korea heavily adopted Chinese political, literary, and artistic customs, Japan's sini fication was focused more on cultural values, especially after their Chinese-style bureaucracy fell apart in 800 AD. Vietnam, on the other hand, borrowed heavily from Chinese social models like Korea, but fought off direct Chinese control.