Nationalism,+Industrialism,+and+Imperialism

Notes (pgs 521-527) 1. Topic MI: - - -

Nationalism
As revolutions swept through the Atlantic in the late 18th and early 19th centuries people came to identify themselves as part of a community called a nation.

1. Complete the who, what, when, where, why analysis of the Treaty of Westphalia


 * Treaty of Westphalia**
 * Who? Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Dutch Republic, France, Sweden, other free imperial states.
 * What? Peace treaty that ended Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War
 * When? 1648
 * Where? Osnabruch and Munster, Westphalia, Germany
 * Why? Brought peace to much of Europe; Created new political order in Europe based on __soveriegn__ states.

2. Define nationalism in your own words: the unification of a group of people within a political boundary, driven by similiar social and political ideals

Take notes on the following. Make sure you connect the events back to nationalism.
 * Unification of Italy - political and social movement that consolidated the power of several independent states of the Italian peninsula (1815 Congress of Vienna --> 1871 Franco-Prussian War)
 * Unification of Germany - occured Jan 18, 1871 @ Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors; Many states unified b/c of linguistic commonalities and inspired by French and Dutch nationalism movements (the most powerful being Prussia).
 * Zionism- Jewish political movement that occured after diaspora ---> moved for the creation of a Jewish homeland
 * Brazilian Independence- Series of political events 1821-1823 that led to a split between Portugal and Brazil.
 * Monroe Doctrine - American document affirming European nations had no right to colonize countries in the Western Hemisphere (helped in some way to declare the soveriegnty of many Latin American states); also cemented the nationalist sentiments of Americans.
 * Argentine Republic - Political entity formed as a result of a war of independence against Spanish colonial rule 1810-1818
 * Balkan Nationalism - unification of Balkan states --> fought off Ottomans and also challenged Russia and Austria-Hungary --> formed new political states w/ new boundaries (Bosnia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece) --> also fought with one another (assaination of Austrian archduke led to WWI)

3. Summarize the global impact of nationalism (limit to 200 words/ 1/2 page) Nationalism largely led to a reorganization of the political order of the 19th and early 20th century and also forced these new sovereign governments to enact social change. These movements were rooted in the several major revolutions around the world (French Revolution, American Revolution) and helped to mobilize people within a geographic region to do several things: rebel against distant rulers (the Greeks fought off the Ottomans, several Italian states resisted Prussian incursion), pressure their governments to enact social reform, encourage imperialist tendencies, and unite people under a non-cultural, non-ethnic, category. These independent movements also reduced traditional forms of power in Western Europe (including the nobility and religious figures like the Pope), while increasing the political power of government figures. These new political entities, however, created new alliances with one another that eventually led Western society to the brink of collapse. Balkan nationalism and diplomatic alliances between Serbia-Austia-Hungary-Germany vs France-England-Russia was largely credited for causing World War I.

Industrialization
4. Look at the data below and answer the questions that follow

//Index Numbers of World Trade (Volume of trade in selected years compared to 1913)// // Iron Production (1000's Metric Tons) // //Years of Life Expectancy at Birth//
 * Year || Index Number ||
 * 1850 || 10 ||
 * 1870 || 24 ||
 * 1895 || 48 ||
 * 1901 || 67 ||
 * 1911 || 96 ||
 * 1913 || 100 ||
 * || 1830 || 1850 || 1913 ||
 * Britain || 700 || 2,716 || 9,792 ||
 * France || 244 || 1,262 || 4,626 ||
 * Russia || 167 || 231 || 3,870 ||
 * Germany || 111 || 246 || 14,836 ||
 * Country || Year: 1820 || Year: 1900 ||
 * Britain || 40 || 50 ||
 * Average,rest of Western Europe || 36 || 46 ||
 * United States || 39 || 47 ||
 * Japan || 34 || 44 ||
 * Russia || 28 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Latin America || 27 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Asia || 23 || 24 ||
 * Average all Africa || 23 || 24 ||


 * Which of the data sets above do you think is the most significant? Why? The most significant data set is the Iron production table; it shows that there was a dramatic increase in economic activity in Western Europe (5x increase in iron production in under 100 years)
 * Taken together what do these data sets tell us? These data sets tell us that the around the turn of the century, there was a dramatic increase in both economic activity and living standards (brought about by the Industrial Revolution).

5. Read the following and answer the questions below [|Industrial Revolution Introduction.pdf]
 * What was the Industrial revolution? Revolution in production, transport, and communications; signficantly changed the way Westernized nations produced and consumed manufactured goods and changed the character of the world economy.
 * What was its origins? Start of the 20th century; Came about as a result of new sources of energy and machinery
 * What were its major effects? Increase in living standards (longer life); major economic boom; growth of urban cities --> boom/bust cycle; changed other global trade patterns.

6. Now referring to your textbook create a chart or mindmap of the effects of Industrialization. You must include the following media type="custom" key="8625072"
 * Gender roles/issues
 * Family Structures
 * Social Structures
 * Extension of voting rights (chartist movement)
 * Mass leisure culture
 * Romanticism
 * Socialism
 * Communism

=Imperialism =

7. Examine the map below and the data that follows - What do they show us?


 * ~  ||~ Great Britain ||~ France ||~ Belgium ||~ Netherlands ||~ Germany (1914) ||
 * ~ Area in Square Miles || 94,000 || 212,600 || 11,800 || 13,200 || 210,000 ||
 * ~ Population || 45,500,100 || 42,000,000 || 8,300,000 || 8.500,000 || 67,500,000 ||
 * ~ Area of Colonies || 13,100,000 || 4,300,000 || 940,000 || 790,000 || 1,100,000 ||
 * ~ Population of Colonies || 470,000,000 || 65,000,000 || 13,000,000 || 66,000,000 || 13,000,000 ||

SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, //European Colonial Expansion Since 1871// (Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19

//Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers// (1900) SOURCE: A. Supan, //Die territoriale Entwicklung der Euroaischen Kolonien// (Gotha, 1906), p. 254
 * ||~ Percentage Controlled ||~  ||
 * ~ Africa || 90.4% ||
 * ~ Polynesia || 98.9% ||
 * ~ Asia || 56.5% ||
 * ~ Australia || 100.0% ||
 * ~ Americas || 27.2% ||

This map and these data sets tell us that in the during the height of imperialism, relatively small Western European nations were able to control large parts of the world's land and population. For example, for every person living in Great Britain in 1914, there were 10.3 people living in a British controlled territory. Likewise, for every square mile of Britain, Britain controlled 140 miles in other territories. This suggests that the world's political power and power of the global economy lay in the hands of countries like Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany.

8. Define Imperialism in your own words: Imperialism is the act of exerting direct political and economic control over a satellite nation that is not considered to be part of a country's traditional political boundaries.

9. What were the motivations for Imperialism? The motivations for imperialism are usually considered to be political, economic, and religious. Countries, especially within Western Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, formed political rivalries with one another; seizing other satellite territories was a way of gaining an upper hand in political power and influence around the world. These territories also boosted their domestic economies by providing a market for manufactured goods produced in Europe and a source of raw materials. Finally, many religious figures saw imperialism as an opportunity to convert subjects to Christianity.

While many countries, including but not limited to France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Nations, engaged in Imperialist activity; Great Britain is known above all as the best example of a true imperialist nation. We will examine the actions of Great Britain to gain a better understanding of the nature, extent and effects of Imperialism.

10. Before note-taking, look for the following key terms (not in the glossary!) and define them in your own words.


 * The British East India Company - an English joint-stock company that eventually became one of the most powerful companies in the world; received the backing of the British government, and was able to exercise many functions of a real government itself in India (like enforcing law and collecting revenue.)
 * Sepoys - Indian soldiers that worked for the British government; were armed, uniformed, and drilled according to European standards; helped the British govern in India.
 * British Raj- Name for the British political establishment in India (1858-1947); was eventually split up into India (majority Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim)
 * Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference - A meeting organized by Otto von Bismarck of Germany that formally regulated European imperial incursion into Africa; largely credited beginning the Scramble for Africa
 * Settlement Colonies - the second type of European colony, where descendants of European countries governed themselves with little or no interference from indigenous populations.
 * White Dominions - Settlement colonies with a majority white population (Canada, Australia, United States); these colonies only made up a small part of the total population of the British Empire
 * Cecil Rhodes- A British entrepreneur/speculator that moved to South Africa after diamonds had been discovered; became a prominent businessman, mining magnate and politician in South Africa
 * James Cook - British explorer credited as the first European to reach the Eastern shore of Australia and circumnavigate New Zealand.

11. Now go through your book and complete the graphic organizer below - Used ports of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta to drive into Indian mainland - Played on internal rivalries of Indian states; no national identity, Indians willing to join the British in order to fight off their neighbors - Were able to gain loyal Indian foot soldiers by paying 5 times more than local regiments - Allowed Indian princes to stay on the thrones of their princely estates; country broken up into three presidencies || - Initially formed a ruling class + adopted some traditional Indian customs - Used Western-educated Indians as administrators - Forced indigenous peoples to work hard with little pay; also used them as a market for their manufactured goods - Extracted - Initially, British East India company responsible for governance in India; eventually control shifted over to British government || - Western educated Indian administrators ultimately responsible for the independence movement in India (used enlightment ideology to justify revolution. - After injustices in Bangladesh, British gov. forced to take direct control (after campaigns in Western Europe highlighting abuse of the indigenous peoples). || - Tried to marginalize the exisiting Boers (Dutch famers) living in South Africa, eventually leading to the Great Trek. || - Forced the Boers to leave their settlements and come into contact with war-like Zulus. - British fought off any Boer resistance, especially during the Boer war (1899-1920) || - Eventually, the British paid reparation to the Boers, guilty of the about the mistreatment of their fellow Europeans - Boer war set precedent for ruling minority to enact injustice over indigenous South African peoples. || - British cause helped by the spread of disease (smallpox, tuberculosis, etc.) || - Continued to push the Maoris into the New Zealand mainland. || - Maoris adopted many Western practices to fight off extinction (used legal precedents to protect their land, used European methods of farmig etc); tried to retain some of their orginal culture - Eventually created a multiracial society, where Europeans and the Maori, despite increased tensions, tried to coexist peacefully. ||
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India || - Most important battle = Plassey (British force of 3,000 lead by Robert Clive fought off 50,000 strong army)
 * South Africa || - British took over the colony of South Africa during the French Revolution in the 1790s, when Holland was being overrun by Franc
 * New Zealand || - Settled within Maori territory and continually pushed them back into the New Zealand interior

12. Write a 1/2 - 1 page summary where you explain the connections between Nationalism, Industrialization and Imperialism Beginning in the early 19th century, industrialization was spurred by the advent of several technological milestones including but not limited to the steam engine (James Watts 1775), and other machines that mechanized the manufacturing process. The industrial revolution interestingly coincided with nationalism movements began to change the character of soveriegn nations. These nationalism movements in Germany and Italy, for instance, consolidated the power of several local, autonomous regions, and formed the basis for the modern political state. Other nationalism movements helped rebels to fight off their occupying forces; this could be seen in the case of the Balkans, where Bakan nationalism encouraged several Eastern European states to rid themselves of Ottoman rule. Both industrialism and nationalism lent themselves to imperialism. New soveriegn Western European countries, encouraged by demand from new industrial factories, and now with the ability to mobilize occupying forces in full strenght at a large scale, began to scour the world, especially Africa and Asia for natural resources. The British, perhaps the most famous imperialist power, took control of territories like India, South Africa, and other African nations in order to appease the demands of domestic manufacturers. These soveriegn nations (which appeared because of nationalist movements) were also driven by internal competition in Europe - rather than fighting directly against one another for territorial control, they sought to sieze distant lands, convinced that their overseas possessions correlated directly to their economic and political influence.

CCOT Essay
The Change over time essay is designed for you to analyze the evolution of a trend or a phenomenon over a long period of time. Concentrate on showing what changed, and how. Start by establishing a baseline: what were things like at the beginning of the period? What changed? How and why did it change? What were things like at the end of the period? What if anything stayed the same?

Write an essay that:
 * Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence
 * Addresses all parts of the question
 * Uses world historical context to show change over time and/or continuities
 * Analyzes the process of change and/or continuity


 * Question**:Analyze the changes in Global commerce from 1450-1914 C.E. Be sure to discuss changes as well as continuities.

Steps
 * Break down the question
 * **Sketch a time-line**
 * Establish a baseline
 * **Identify major changes and continuities**
 * **Draft thesis**
 * **Write essay**